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  • Resilience Following Disaster

    Shinchimachi is a small village 50 kilometers north of Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant with a population of 8,093.

    Of these, 109 people died in the 2011 tsunami.
    新地町は、福島の原子力発電所から50キロ程度、北に位置した、人口8093人の小さな町です。

    このうち、109人が津波で亡くなりました。

    Fukushima was a relatively unknown part of Japan until March 11, 2011. Shinchimachi is a small coastal village with 8,272 residents and 2,836 households (Shinchi Town Official Website, 2018). One hundred and nine people died in the March 11, 2011 tsunami and 497 households were completely destroyed by the tsunami. This resulted in 1512 residents moving into one of nine temporary housing units where many of them lived for the next four to five years (Shinchi Town, 2014). On the other hand, being located approximately 50km away from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, Shinchimachi residents did not have to evacuate due to the nuclear accident. While the effects of the nuclear accident were relatively weaker than other areas in Fukushima, the radiation level in the air, soil, and ocean increased after the accident. Here a child listens to a free concert for victims of the 2011 disaster. Her eyes well with tears from the cold winter and heavy winds, blowing off of Shinchimachi’s Mt. Karou. These winds are famous in the village for blowing radioactive nuclides north of Shinchimachi.
    A car remains on the shoreline in July, 2012; it washed away by the Japan’s 2011 tsunami. Ulrich Beck (1992) suggests that a few major disasters of the last century are so large in scale they will remain in public memory indefinitely. Modernity, he posits, has created a “risk society” whereby the risks created are far greater than the ability to fix, cure, or nullify them.
    Rain boots sit outside of an elementary school in May, 2012, in Shinchimachi. Directly after the disaster Shinchimachi Residents were told to wear rain boots when they went outside to protect them for the radioactive ground. Maeda, Oe and Suzuki (2018) compared the Fukushima nuclear disaster to other natural disasters. The authors noted that the impact of trauma following manmade disaster is more chronic and continuous; psychological acceptance is more difficult; anger or disappointment is stronger; groundless rumors happen more frequently; stigma and self-stigma are more common; and the influence of media is stronger than cases of only natural disasters (p. 52). Tone and Stone (2014) suggest that the stigma and stress effects of the disaster might be more substantial than the physiological effects of radiation.
    July, 2012. A mother of two stands in front of her “temporary home” holding her youngest. The family was displaced from nuclear radiation and they lived in Shinchimachi’s temporary housing for four years.
    Children who were displaced from Japan’s 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster play outside of their temporary housing units. Most family’s lived in temporary housing for four or more years. Japan has an intimate historical memory to nuclear catastrophe. After the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japanese public labeled victims as “other” and thought of them as contagious (Ishikawa, 1981, p. 105). The victims faced shame, guilt, alienation and young women had difficulty getting married (Lifton, 1987). These daunting labels have been mimicked in Fukushima: schoolchildren have been bullied and called vermin, cars have been vandalized, and people from Fukushima have been turned away from hotels because they might be contagious (Heath, 2013; MacKinnon, 2011; Ramana, 2011).
    A road is left ravaged one year after the March, 2011 disaster. While the Prefecture of Fukushima is as large as 13,780km2 and the distance from the nuclear disaster site varies, 1.86 million residents of Fukushima had to face a newly imposed identity of being from the Prefecture of nuclear contamination and various implications that accompany it (Kwesell, 2018).
    The caretaker of a Shinto shrine in Soma, Fukushima looks out from her home. The Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster instantly brought “Fukushima” to the global scene, making the name infamous. Here a child’s eyes well with tears from the bitter cold during a free concert for disaster victims in put on in Shinchimachi by Japan’s famous AKB48 band in November, 2011. Shinchimachi is known for heavy winds that keep the village cold in the winter, cooler in the summer, and are thought to have blown away radioactive nuclides when the power plant exploded.
    Broken pieces of pottery have become the new shells that line the ground and coast of Shinchimachi, Fukushima after the 2011 disaster.
    A candle inside of bamboo reads, “元気でがんばってます安らかに” (I am fine and living my life to the fullest. So rest in peace) at an annual memorial in Shinchimachi for victims of the March, 2011 disaster. Large scale disasters have shaped public memory through symbolic meanings and iconic images, while the places, objects and people are forever negatively marked because of them (Gamson, 1988; Hariman & Lucaites, 2003). The Fukushima nuclear disaster was large in scale, and gained extensive global media attention that it will likely be fused in public memory.
    A strawberry farmer in Shinchimachi tends to his crops. The nuclear disaster severely affected the farming and fishing industry not only because of actual radiation contamination but social concerns of Shinchimachi being a part of Fukushima Prefecture. Whatever was “produced or caught in Fukushima” was automatically devalued and avoided (Wakamatsu & Miyata, 2017).
    A child plays in her living room. Children who were under five years old at the time of the disaster are considered the most at-risk for negative effects from radiation.
    Residents pray for the New Year on top of Shinchimachi’s Mt. Karou. Japanese tradition is to climb the highest peak to watch the first sunset of the year.
    A child plays with a radiation counter in Shinchimachi’s largest park. Public parks, open areas and school playgrounds all have radiation counters.
    Residents of Fukushima gather in Shinchimachi for free concerts and festivals for victims of Japan’s 2011 nuclear disaster.
    A child plays in an outdoor pool on a rainy day during Shinchimachi’s summer festival, which attracts residents of villages along the Fukushima coastline.
    Children play outside in the mud during Shinchimachi’s summer festival. The day before the festival the park had it’s top layer of grass and dirt removed in an attempt to lower the ground radiation. Still, they play in the mud.
    A grandmother knits a scarf as a part of a Saturday morning knitting group for grandmothers living in temporary housing units. Residents of Shinchimachi continually talk about the importance of bridging the gap between generations in their aging society, “I hope to build a community system where the elders and the young generation are connected and build a tight-knit community.”
    A grandmother grows radishes for her family in Shinchimachi. Shinchimachi residents experienced various kinds of stigma especially toward fishing, agriculture and any kind of food from Fukushima. One resident spoke about the frustration of people unquestionably thinking his crops are dangerous when radiation cannot be seen or touched: “People say they will never eat the produce of Fukushima.” Another resident said, “I have a daughter in Yokohama. I used to send her apples from Shinchimachi. But after the disaster, when I sent it to her, she said don’t send it to me anymore. So whenever we say such and such is from Fukushima, people tend to avoid it – they look at it and don’t dare to touch it like it is poisonous.”
    Plates of おせち料理 or the traditional feast for the New Year line the counter of a Shinchimachi resident’s home. The family is the seventh generation in Shinchimachi.
    Children walk home after summertime morning exercises they do with other children and families. Past studies have examined the role of community connectedness in coping with and overcoming disasters (Harada, 2012; Johnston, Becker, & Paton, 2012; Weil, Lee, & Shihadeh, 2012). One resident of Shinchimachi said, “The disaster happened, we tried hard to find the bodies of our loved ones on our own. Mine, my relatives, and my wife’s house is all gone, we’ve lost our family and friends, and despite that we work hard together to get by each day with the people and the things that are left to us.” Other residents mentioned that neighbors and community leaders helped with immediate disaster relief including body searches. “I am not alone. There are many others who have gone through the same experience and we support each other.”
  • Shinchimachi did not receive much media attention following the disaster, except one very famous picture showing a goods train that was broken in half by the tsunami wave.
    新地町は、余りメディアの注目は、受けませんでしたが、ただ一度、貨物列車が津波で真っ二つに破壊された映像が掲載され、それが、唯一、とても有名になりました。

    Because of the lack of media attention and its distant location the town has nicknamed itself wasurerareta machi: the forgotten village.
    メディアに注目される事もなく、また人里離れた所に位置するために、この町の住民達も自分たちの町の事を「忘れられた町」と言う愛称で、呼んでいました。

    The town has eight temporary housing units that are home to tsunami refugees as well as radiation refugees from Soma and Minami Soma. The people in Shinchimachi live with the fiercely scary unknown of the effects of radiation. These are the facts about the village of Shinchimachi. It is a town that is also known for the colors green and blue, for its rice fields, its mountains and the ocean.
    この町には8棟の仮設住宅がありますが、津波による被災者の他に相馬市と南相馬市から放射線障害を避けるために来ている方も加わっています。新地町の人達は、まだ十分に解明されていないからこそ、とても強烈な恐怖を伴う放射線汚染の影響と向き合って生活して行かないと行けません。
     でも、このような事は、新地町についての単なる「事実」を申し上げているだけなのですが、本当は、私にとっての新地町は、もっと次元が異なった存在です。つまり、この町は、緑と青の豊かさで知られている町、緑の田んぼと山々、それに、青い海の町なのです。  

    Four years after the Great East Japan Earthquake land has been allotted and people living in temporary housing are rebuilding new homes. A new nursing home facility and hospital have been constructed, and the town is drafting plans for a new train station that will make Shinchimachi more accessible to the outside world again.
    東日本大震災から、4年と言う歳月が過ぎて、仮説住宅の人達にも土地が分譲される事になり、自分たちの新しい家を建てています。新しい養護施設や病院なども新たに建設され、再び、外部からのアクセスが良くなる様にと、新たな鉄道の駅の建設計画も進んでいます。

    The children in Shinchimachi are being given great opportunities as the schools look toward new technology that affords them a global perspective, and a local NPO, MIRAITO < http://www.miraito.info/ >, brings them together for fun and learning activities. At the same time, the proximity of Shinchimachi to the power plant means that the children also eat school lunches made using food imported from outside the prefecture. The town is small, yet the situation is complex.
    新地町の子供達も、また世界的な視野を広げるためにと学校も新たな技術を取り入れて,子供達の可能性をのばそうとしている一方で、地元のNPO法人の「みらいと」(NPO, MIRAITO)は、子供達が集まって楽しんだり、学習したりが出来る場所を提供しています。子供達には給食が出ますが、
    原子力発電所の近くの土地柄である事を考慮して学校給食の食材は県外から搬入して来たものを使用しています。小さな町なのですが、今は、まだ、とても、複雑な状況におかれています。

    When people around the world hear the word Fukushima many immediately think about radiation and this engenders fear. Photographing people living normal lives in the wake of disaster shows that every decision and every breath takes extraordinary courage, and that there is another side to this story.
    世界の人達が福島と言う言葉を聞くと、即座に放射能汚染の事を思い起こし、恐いと思ってしまいます。ただ、震災に直面した直後から住民に寄り添って毎日の日常的な生活の写真を撮っていると一つ一つの決断、一回毎の呼吸する事さえも、かなりの勇気が必要だと言う事が分りますが、そこには、また、町の外から見たのでは、分らない側面もあります。

    “They came with a negative, sad and deeply tragic story,” says Ogawa Kasetsu Jutaku community leader, Mihoko Murakami, of the media when they came to visit Shinchimachi. She said they had their scene set and they were looking to fill a cast of negative, sad characters to complete their calamitous tale. Murukami sits back and smiles as she admits, “It doesn’t fit our story. We are too genki, too animated. It’s a kind of miscasting.”
    小川仮設住宅の地域指導者の村上美保子さんは、報道関係者が新地町に取材に来た時は、予め「とても悲しくて、悲劇的な話を予定していた様です。すでに、そのような設定になっていて、その上で、実際に現地の悲しみに満ちた、元気のない人達を取材して、その設定に当てはめてしまえば、取材は完成すると思っていた様です。「でも、それは私たちの側から見れば、当てはまるはずは、ありませんよね!」と村上さんは、ゆったりと座って、微笑みながら言いました。「私たちは、いつも、元気一杯ですから、報道関係の方達も、直ぐに自分たちの期待の通りの人材でない事に気がついてくれたと思います」。

    Hirohata Kasetsu Jutaku community leader, Noboyuki Miyake, whose family has lived in Shinchimachi for seven generations, says he does not want his grandchildren to feel it was their bad luck to be born in Fukushima.
    広畑仮説住宅の地域指導者の三宅信之さんは、七代に渡って新地町に住んでいますが、自分の孫達が、福島に生まれた事を不運だと思わないで育って欲しいと言っています。

    The situation in Fukushima is not simply black and white. Moments of daily life take extraordinary courage when overcoming trauma and living in a situation of continued unknowns. Feelings about the tsunami, about radiation and future developments seem to come in shades of gray, while the spirit of people directly affected by the disaster is vibrantly colored. Despite public discourse about the disaster, about nuclear power, and about the medical perspectives of radiation, families have chosen to remain in Fukushima Prefecture. There are valuable lessons for all of us in the day-to-day experiences of its people, their struggles and their triumphs.
    福島の状況は、単に黒か白かと言うだけではありません。日常生活の僅かな瞬間でさえも、このような心的外傷を乗り越えようとしている時、また、いつまでも出口が見えない不確定な状況のでは、通常では考えられない程の大きな勇気を持って立ち向かって、これを克服して行く事が要求されます。津波に対する思い、放射能や将来計画等は、灰色に見えて来る様な感じかもしれません。一方、直接の被害を受けた人々の精神力は、生き生きとした色彩に彩られています。災害や原子炉、放射線についての健康被害など、様々な報道されようと、多くの家族は福島県に留まる事を選択しています。この福島の皆さんの葛藤と克服に満ちた日常生活から、我々が学ぶ事は、とても意義がある事だと思います。

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